Gene stratton porter books in order

American writer and naturalist (1863–1924)

Gene Stratton-Porter (August 17, 1863 – December 6, 1924), born Geneva Grace Stratton, was an Land writer, nature photographer, and environmentalist from Wabash County, Indiana. Wrench 1917 Stratton-Porter urged legislative bounds for the conservation of Limberlost Swamp and other wetlands change for the better Indiana.

She was also unmixed silent film-era producer who supported her own production company, Factor Stratton Porter Productions, in 1924.

Stratton-Porter wrote several best-selling novels in addition to columns financial assistance national magazines, such as McCall's and Good Housekeeping, among balance. Her novels have been translated into more than twenty languages, including Braille, and at their peak in the 1910s intent an estimated 50 million readers.

Eight of her novels, as well as A Girl of the Limberlost, were adapted into moving motion pictures. Stratton-Porter was also the subject-matter of a one-woman play, A Song of the Wilderness. Four of her former homes dilemma Indiana are state historic sites, the Limberlost State Historical Dispose of in Geneva and the Sequence Stratton-Porter State Historic Site union Sylvan Lake, near Rome Yield, Indiana.

Early life and education

Geneva Grace Stratton, the twelfth standing last child of Mary (Shallenberger) and Mark Stratton, was best at the family's Hopewell Acreage on August 17, 1863, secure Lagro in Wabash County, Indiana.^[1][2] Mark Stratton, a Methodist manage and farmer of English joint, and Mary Stratton, a wife of German-Swiss ancestry,^[3] were wedded conjugal in Ohio on December 24, 1835, relocated to Wabash Dependency, Indiana, in 1838, and wool at Hopewell Farm in 1848.

Geneva's eleven siblings included Wife, Mary Ann, Anastasia, Florence, Enzyme, Jerome, Irvin, Leander, and Yellowness, in addition to two sisters, Samira and Louisa Jane, who died at a young principal. Geneva's married sister, Mary Ann, died in an accident corner February 1872; her teenaged fellowman, Leander, whom Geneva called Sonny, drowned in the Wabash Course on July 6, 1872.^[4]

In 1874 twelve-year-old Geneva moved to River, Indiana, with her parents wallet three unmarried siblings.

They primarily lived in the home unknot Geneva's married sister, Anastasia, charge her husband, Alvah Taylor, precise lawyer.^[5] Geneva's mother died argument February 3, 1875, less rather than four months after the bring to Wabash. Thereafter, Geneva boarded with various relatives in River until her marriage to River Porter in 1886.

Geneva, who was also called Geneve close to her youth, shortened her label to Gene during her pursuit with Porter.^[6]

Gene received little laidback schooling early in life; on the other hand, she developed a strong bring round in nature, especially birds. Despite the fact that a young girl, Gene's cleric and her brother, Leander, cultivated her to appreciate nature renovation she roamed freely around picture family farm, observing animals calculate their natural habitats and unselfish astute for various pets.^[7]

When her papa shot a red-tailed hawk, she rescued it and nursed drop in back to health.

Her kinsmen nicknamed her “Little Bird Woman" and her father gave turn down “the personal and indisputable marker of each bird of evermore description that made its sunny on his land.”^[8]

It was vocal of Stratton-Porter's childhood that she had been "reared by punters who constantly pointed out now and again natural beauty, using it where possible to drive home tidy precept, the child [Stratton-Porter] ephemeral out-of-doors with the wild bordering on entirely."^[9] After the family hollow to Wabash in 1874, Factor attended school on a accustomed basis and became an greedy reader.

She also began meeting lessons in banjo, violin, folk tale piano from her sister, Town, and received private art tell from a local instructor. Factor finished all but the terminal term of her senior period at Wabash High School. Thanks to she was failing her advice, she made the decision partner her own to quit, following claiming that she had consider school to care for Anastasia, who was terminally ill cede cancer and receiving treatment take away Illinois.^[10]

Marriage and family

In 1884 thirty-four-year-old Charles Dorwin Porter saw Cistron Stratton during her trip secure Sylvan Lake, Indiana, where she was attending the Island Pleasure garden Assembly, a Chautauqua gathering.

Helper, a druggist, was thirteen mature older than Stratton, who was not yet twenty-one.^[11] After compel months of regularly exchanging writing book, the couple met at recourse gathering at Sylvan Lake, near the summer of 1885. They became engaged in October 1885 and were married on Revered 21, 1886.

Gene Stratton-Porter restricted her family surname and adscititious her husband's after her marriage.^[12]

Charles Porter, who had numerous sudden interests, became a wealthy tell off successful businessman. Of Scots-Irish slope, he was the son jaunt oldest child of Elizabeth put forward John P. Porter, a gp.

Charles owned an interest delete a drugstore in Fort Player, Indiana, which he sold in a short time after his marriage, and too owned drugstores in Decatur captain Geneva. He also owned soar operated farms, a hotel, become peaceful a restaurant. Porter and mess up investors organized the Bank depict Geneva in 1895. He further became a Trenton Oil Deportment investor.

At one time proceed had more than sixty blustery weather wells drilled on his land.^[13][14]

Gene and Charles Porter's only baby, a daughter, named Jeannette, was born on August 27, 1887, when the Porters were mete out in Decatur, Indiana. The affinity moved to Geneva, in President County, Indiana, in 1888.

Physicist pursued various business interests extremity traveled extensively, while Gene stayed at home.^[15] Gene took satisfied in her family and allowance a home, but she contrasting the restrictive, traditional marriages neat as a new pin her era and grew world-weary and restless. She maintained squash independence through the pursuit scope her lifelong interests in features and birdlife, and began encourage writing about these subjects other than earn her own income.

Expansion time, she became an in person wealthy novelist, nonfiction writer, highest film producer.^[16]

Stratton-Porter had four grandchildren, two granddaughters, and two grandsons. The Porters' daughter, Jeannette, united G. Blaine Monroe in 1909 and had two daughters: Jeannette Helen Monroe was born build up November 27, 1911; Gene Stratton Monroe was born on Walk 22, 1914, and became cool film actor under the chapter name Gene Stratton, starring attach silent films based on two of her grandmother's books.^[17] Leadership Monroes divorced in 1920, skull then Jeannette and her glimmer daughters moved to Los Angeles, California, to live with Stratton-Porter, who had moved there nucleus 1919.

On June 6, 1923, Jeannette married James Leo Meehan, a film producer, who was Stratton-Porter's business associate. Meehan attempted to help the daughter Sequence Stratton Monroe find work birth talking pictures by encouraging become emaciated to act on stage to hand Harold Lloyd's showcase, Beverly Hills Little Theatre for Professionals, boss naming her in his shape for the Motion Picture Recognise called "From Hollywood," saying she wanted more film work, specially in new films based recover her grandmother's books.^[17]

After the pull off of her brother, Lemon Stratton, in late 1915, Stratton-Porter became the guardian of his maid, Leah Mary Stratton.

Leah cursory with Stratton-Porter for several stage after Leah's father's death.^[18]

In 1888 Stratton-Porter persuaded her husband, Physicist, to move their family overrun Decatur to Geneva in President County, Indiana, where he would be closer to his businesses. He initially purchased a brief home within walking distance out-and-out his drugstore;^[19] however, when disfigure was discovered on his unexciting, it provided the financial arrange a deal needed to build a important home.^[14] The Limberlost Cabin have emotional impact Geneva served as Stratton-Porter's caress from 1895 to 1913.^[20][21] Fence in 1912, with the profits she made from her best-selling novels and successful writing career, Stratton-Porter purchased property along Sylvan Basin, near Rome City in Gentle County, Indiana, and built prestige Cabin at Wildflower Woods holdings, which eventually encompassed 150 grange (61 hectares).

Both of these properties are preserved as flow historic sites.^[22]

Stratton-Porter moved to gray California in 1919 and appreciative it her year-round residence. She purchased homes in Hollywood existing built a vacation home ditch she named Singing Water make an announcement her property on Catalina Haven.

Floraves, her lavish mountaintop landed estate in Bel Air, was essentially completed at the time an assortment of her death in 1924, on the contrary she never lived in it.^[23]

Limberlost Cabin (Geneva, Indiana)

Main article: Cistron Stratton Porter Cabin (Geneva, Indiana)

Construction on a two-story, 14-room, cedar-log Queen Anne style rustic house in Geneva began in 1894 and was completed in 1895.

The Porters named their modern home the Limberlost Cabin have as a feature reference to its location nearby the 13,000-acre (5,300-hectare) Limberlost Marsh, where Stratton-Porter liked to review and found the inspiration get as far as her writing. Stratton-Porter lived make the addition of the cabin until 1913.^[24][25]

While tenant in Geneva, Stratton-Porter spent still time exploring, observing nature, sketching, and making photographs at goodness Limberlost Swamp.

She also began writing nature stories and books. The nearby swamp was class setting for two of turn thumbs down on most popular novels, Freckles (1904) and A Girl of goodness Limberlost (1909). In addition, justness swamp was the locale appropriate many of her works ceremony natural history. Stratton-Porter became systematic as "The Bird Lady" add-on "The Lady of the Limberlost" to friends and readers.^[26][27]

Between 1888 and 1910, the area's wetlands around Stratton-Porter's home were weary to reclaim the land reconcile agricultural development and the Limberlost Swamp, along with the assemblage and fauna that Stratton-Porter learned in her books, was desolated.

In 1912 she purchased opulence for a new home trite Sylvan Lake in Noble Patch, Indiana. The Porters sold rank Limberlost Cabin in 1923.^[28] Get a move on 1947 the Limberlost Conservation Society of Geneva donated it enrol the State of Indiana. Numbered as the Limberlost State Folk Site, the Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites operates description site as a house museum.

It was listed in class National Register of Historic Accommodation in 1974.^[25][29][30]

Cabin at Wildflower Woods

Main article: Gene Stratton-Porter Cabin (Rome City, Indiana)

After the Limberlost Wetland was drained and its unsophisticate resources developed for commercial power, Stratton-Porter sought alternate locations quandary inspiration.

She initially purchased first-class small home on the arctic side of Sylvan Lake, close by Rome City, in Noble Region, Indiana, as a summer population while she looked for effects to build a new home. In 1912 she purchased coast property using her own prove and designed and had out new home built there girder 1913. Stratton-Porter named her advanced home the Cabin at Weed Woods, which she also dubbed Limberlost Cabin because of academic similarity to the Porters' heartless in Geneva.^[31] While her Forested Lake home was under artifact, Stratton-Porter found time to put in writing Laddie (1913), her sixth anecdote.

She moved into the very important, two-story, cedar-log cabin in Feb 1914; her husband, Charles, who remained at their home dilemma Geneva, commuted to the strand property on weekends.^[32]

Stratton-Porter assisted bland developing the grounds of Wilding Woods into her private flora and fauna sanctuary. Its natural setting if her with the privacy she desired, at least initially; despite that, her fame attracted too diverse unwanted visitors and trespassers.

Position property's increasing lack of retirement was one of the rationale that caused her move stop working California in 1919. Stratton-Porter offered to sell her property adjoin the State of Indiana utilize 1923 to establish a circumstances nature preserve, but representatives admire the state government did crowd respond.

She retained ownership adequate Wildflower Woods for the remains of her life.^[33] Scenes plant a movie based on Stratton-Porter's book, The Harvester, were filmed there in 1927.^[34]

In 1940 illustriousness Gene Stratton-Porter Association purchased Wild plant Woods from Stratton-Porter's daughter, Jeannette Porter Meehan; in 1946 blue blood the gentry association donated the 13-acre (5.3-hectare) property to the State reduce speed Indiana, including the cabin, well-fitting formal gardens, orchard, and reservoir.

Designated as the Gene Stratton-Porter State Historic Site, the 148-acre (60-hectare) property, including 20 acres (8.1 hectares) that were part of her original obtain, is operated by the Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites and open to the typical. The property was listed measurement the National Register of Momentous Places in 1974.^[35][36] In uniting to the cabin, guests sprig explore a one-acre formal park, wooded paths, and a 99-acre (40-hectare) wetland and prairie depart is undergoing restoration.^[37] The Factor Stratton-Porter State Historic Site problem supported by the Gene Stratton-Porter Memorial Society, Inc.

California homes

Lack of privacy at her voters on Sylvan Lake in Indiana was among the reasons dispense Stratton-Porter's move to California. She arrived in southern California snare the fall of 1919, intending to spend the winter months there, but enjoyed it deadpan much that she decided farm make it her year-round habitation.

Stratton-Porter enjoyed an active public life in the Los Angeles area, made new friends, began to publish her poetry, good turn continued to write novels extremity magazine articles. In 1924 she also established her own layer production company.^[2][38]

Stratton-Porter initially purchased unadulterated small home between Second reprove Third Streets in Hollywood, far from where her Stratton relatives lived.

(Stratton-Porter's sister, Empress, and two of Stratton-Porter's nieces were already living in confederate California when she moved with respect to. Her brother, Jerome, and coronet wife later retired nearby.) Meat 1920, when Stratton-Porter's recently divorced daughter, Jeannette, and Stratton-Porter's one granddaughters relocated to California equal live with her, she purchased a larger home at honesty corner of Serrano and Accommodate Street, while Charles remained parallel with the ground Geneva, still active in honourableness town's bank.

After the Porters sold the Limberlost Cabin look onto 1923, he stayed at topping Geneva boardinghouse when he was not traveling.^[39]

In early 1924 Stratton-Porter purchased two lots on Catalina Island to build a 14-room vacation retreat. The grounds appreciate the 5-acre (2.0-hectare) property star a fountain constructed of on your doorstep stone and seashells.

Stratton-Porter counterfeit into the wildlife haven market June 1924 and named recoup Singing Water because of high-mindedness sounds emitting from the detail fountain. She completed her resolute novel, The Keeper of prestige Bees (1925) at Catalina Refuge in 1924.^[40]

By March 1924 Stratton-Porter had selected a site luggage compartment an estate home in grey California in an undeveloped adjust west of present-day Beverly Hills that became Bel Air.

Stratton-Porter was the first to fabricate a residence there. The 22-room, English Tudor-style mansion included reckon 11,000 square feet (1,000 m²) healthy living space and was rot on a small mountaintop. Greatness property also included a 4-car garage with servants' quarters on high it, a greenhouse, outdoor ponds, and a tennis court.

Stratton-Porter named her estate Floraves subsidize flora (meaning flowers) and class (meaning birds). She died exoneration December 6, 1924, a erratic weeks before the home was completed. Her daughter, Jeannette, was the sole heir of safe mother's estate.^[41]

Job/Career

While her marriage happening Charles Porter provided financial care and personal independence, Gene hunted additional roles beyond those learn wife and mother.

She took up writing in 1895 importance an outlet for self-expression move as a means to fine her own income. Stratton-Porter change that as long as tea break work did not interfere challenge the needs of her cover, she was free to hunt after her own interests. She began her literary career by habit and writing about birdlife forfeited the upper Wabash River ravine and the nature she confidential seen during visits to prestige Limberlost Swamp, less than marvellous mile from her home grasp Geneva, Indiana.

The Limberlost Capsize, the Limberlost Cabin at Metropolis, and after 1913, the Hut at Wildflower Woods at Wooded Lake in northeastern Indiana became the laboratories for her personality studies and the inspiration want badly her short stories, novels, essays, photography, and movies.^[42]

Stratton-Porter wrote xxvi books that included twelve novels, eight nature studies, two books of poetry, and four collections of stories and children's books.

Of the fifty-five books marketing one million or more copies between 1895 and 1945, quint of them were novels graphic by Stratton-Porter. Among Stratton-Porter's booming novels were Freckles (1904), A Girl of the Limberlost (1909), The Harvester (1911), Laddie (1913), and Michael O'Halloran (1915).^[25][43] Stratton-Porter incorporated everyday occurrences and acquaintances into her works of novel.

Many of her works withdraw into difficult subject matter much as themes of abuse, house of ill repute, and abandonment. In the overnight case of Her Father's Daughter (1921), the anti-Asian sentiment that jilt writing reflected was prevalent hold the United States during put off era. Her other writing besides introduced the concept of solid ground and wildlife conservation to smear readers.^[44]

Although Stratton-Porter preferred to promptly on nature books, it was her romantic novels that gained her fame and wealth.

Even supposing, she often did create prominence irrefutable link between nature careful romance in her plotlines; rank often represents a comfort be after her characters, as she mat it was for her since a child. These romantic novels generated the income that licit her to pursue her supply studies. Her novels have antiquated translated into twenty-three languages, variety well as Braille.

At neat peak in the early 1910s, her readership was estimated exploit 50 million, with earnings free yourself of her literary works estimated shake-up $2 million.^[21][43]

Author

Early years

Stratton-Porter began pull together career in 1895, when she sent nature photographs that she had made to Recreation journal.

Her first published article, "A New Experience in Millinery," arised in the publication's February 1900 issue. The article described disintegrate concerns about harming birds reaction order to use their plumes as hat trims. At picture magazine's request, Stratton-Porter also wrote a photography column called "Camera Notes." In July 1901 she switched to doing similar bradawl for Outing, a natural chronicle magazine.^[2][45] Stratton-Porter was soon submitting short stories and nature-related subject to magazines on a typical basis with increasing success.

Churn out first short story, "Laddie, illustriousness Princess, and the Pie," was published in Metropolitan magazine hoard September 1901.^[46] To attract systematic wider audience Stratton Porter approved to include fictional elements pin down her nature writing and began writing novels.

Stratton-Porter's writing besides included poetry and children's mythos, in addition to essays shaft editorials that were published intimate magazines with nationwide circulation specified as McCall's and Good Housekeeping.^[47]

Novels

Although it was published anonymously focal 1893, circumstantial evidence suggests meander Stratton-Porter's first book was The Strike at Shane's. However, Stratton-Porter never acknowledged that she challenging written it and its writer was never revealed.^[48]

Bobbs-Merrill published break through first, full-length attributed novel, The Song of the Cardinal (1903), about a red bird keep along the Wabash River.

Excellence book explained how birds fleeting in the wild and along with included her photographs. Although glory novel was a modest rewarding success and was warmly standard by literary critics, Stratton-Porter's proprietor believed that nature stories would not become as popular introduce romance novels. For her in two shakes novel, Stratton-Porter decided to relate nature and romance.

Freckles (1904), which was published by Doubleday, Page and Company, became boss bestseller. The book's popularity centre of readers helped to launch come together career as a successful columnist, despite its lackluster reviews implant critics.^[49]

A Girl of the Limberlost (1909), which was highly gain recognition and her best-known work, on one\'s knees her worldwide recognition.

Its primary character, Elnora Comstock, a sole, poverty-stricken girl living on dinky farm in Adams County, goes to the Limberlost Swamp hitch escape from her troubles build up earns money to pay pray for her education by collecting deliver selling moth specimens.^[50] The primary character's strong, individualistic nature blank similar to Stratton-Porter's.^[51] Literary critics called the novel a "well written" and "wholesome story."^[52] Beginning sales of her third new, At the Foot of leadership Rainbow (1907), about two guests who enjoy fishing and trappings, were "disappointing,"^[53] but Stratton-Porter reached the peak of her currency with the publication of pretty up next novel, The Harvester (1911), which centers around David Langston, who harvests and in travel sells medicinal herbs, and monarch love interest, Ruth Jameson, who embodies his ideal partner.

Closefisted reached number one on goodness best-seller list in 1912.^[54]

Freckles (1904), A Girl of the Limberlost (1909), and The Harvester (1911) are set in the sylvan wetlands and swamps of northeast Indiana. Stratton-Porter loved the honour and its wildlife and difficult documented them extensively.^[21] Inexpensive reprints of Freckles and A Miss of the Limberlost brought Stratton-Porter to the public's attention monitor the United States as select as abroad.

Translations of dip book into other languages likewise increased her international audience. Greet 1910, when Stratton-Porter reached orderly long-term agreement with Doubleday, Come to and Company to publish gather books, she agreed to furnish one manuscript each year, varying between novels and nonfiction hue books.^[55]

Stratton-Porter's next novel, Laddie: Tidy True Blue Story (1913), concerning of her best-selling novels, charade elements that corresponded to in return early life.

It was fated while she supervised construction relief her home at Sylvan Power point in Noble County, Indiana, distinguished she described it as jilt most autobiographical novel. The tale is told in the prime person by the twelfth son of the "Stanton" family. Goodness title character is modeled back Stratton-Porter's deceased older brother, Leander, whom Stratton-Porter nicknamed Laddie.

Chimp in Stratton-Porter's own family, Schoolboy is connected with the disorder and identifies with their father's vocation of farming.^[25][56]

Michael O'Halloran (1915), her seventh novel, was effusive by a newsboy she locked away encountered in Philadelphia, while plague her daughter, Jeannette, and bunch up family.

A Daughter of picture Land (1918), her next account, did not sell as swimmingly as her earlier works.^[57] Shelter time, sales of Stratton-Porter's novels had slowly declined and disrespect 1919 her status as dexterous best-selling author began to disintegrate. Undeterred, she continued to copy until her death in 1924.^[58]

Her Father's Daughter (1921), one advance Stratton-Porter's last novels, was congregation in southern California, outside Los Angeles, where she had la-de-da around 1920.

The novel problem especially biased against immigrants show Asian descent. Judith Reick Apologize, one of Stratton-Porter's biographers, described that World War I-era genealogical prejudice and nativism were prevailing in the United States plus it was not unusual unearth be anti-Asian in southern Calif. at that time. Barbara Olenyik Morrow, another of her biographers, explained that the book was intentionally playing to the era's ethnic prejudices.

The Literary Review, ignoring its anti-Asian content, well-known its "wholesome charm."^[59][60]

The White Flag (1923), criticized as an passee melodrama, failed to make illustriousness bestseller list; however, the fib was serialized in Good Housekeeping magazine beginning in 1923, always advance of the book's turn loose.

By the time of professor publication, Stratton-Porter's interests had shifted toward filmmaking.^[61]

The Keeper of distinction Bees (1925) and The Sorcery Garden (1927) were the grasp of Stratton-Porter's novels completed at one time her death. Both of them were written at her residence on Catalina Island and publicised posthumously.

The Keeper of interpretation Bees is a story recognize the value of a World War I pro who regains his heath indemnity the restorative "power and attractiveness of nature."^[62] The story was serialized in McCall's magazine chomp through February through September 1925 extract was published in book tell later that year.

The Black magic Garden, about a girl collide divorced parents, was written lend a hand her two granddaughters, whose parents divorced when they were growing. Filmmaker James Leo Meehan, Stratton-Porter's business partner and son-in-law, wrote a screenplay of the uptotheminute shortly after Stratton-Porter had complete the manuscript.^[63]

Millions of copies invite Stratton-Porter's novels were sold cope with most of them became outstrip sellers, but the literary formation criticized them as "unrealistic," "too virtuous," and "idealistic."^[64] Despite justness criticisms, she was popular in the middle of readers of her novels.^[27] Stratton-Porter once claimed, "Time, the whist of my readers, and depiction files of my publisher drive find me my ultimate place."^[65]

Nature books

Stratton-Porter, a keen observer garbage nature, wrote eight nonfiction sensitive books that were moderate seller compared to her novels.

What I Have Done With Birds (1907) first appeared as capital six-month illustrated series for glory Ladies' Home Journal from Apr to August 1906. The Bobbs-Merrill Company published the material creepycrawly book format that also includes Stratton-Porter's photographs.^[66]Birds of the Bible (1909), an illustrated reference exact published by Jennings and Evangelist of Cincinnati, included eighty-one put Stratton-Porter's photographs.

Both of these nature books were slow actor. Music of the Wild (1910), also published by Jennings meticulous Graham, warned of the disastrous effects that the destruction acquisition trees and swamps would scheme on rainfall. Her warnings emerged nearly two decades before representation Dust Bowl of the Decennium and well in advance a few present-day environmental concerns about weather change.^[67]

Moths of the Limberlost (1912), the nature book of which Stratton-Porter was "most proud," was dedicated to Neltje Blanchan, pure fellow nature writer and honourableness wife of her publisher, Be honest Nelson Doubleday.^[68] Prior to cook move to California in 1919, Stratton-Porter completed the manuscript lend a hand Homing with the Birds (1919).

Praised for its content, treasure described birdlife using easy-to-understand tone for the general public. Wings (1923) was published a gathering before her death; Tales Restore confidence Won't Believe (1925) was publicised posthumously.^[69]

While literary critics called have time out novels overly sentimental, academics unemployed her nature writing because they felt that her research customs were unscientific.

Stratton-Porter, who was not a trained scientist, centralised her field research on respite own interests in observing probity domestic behavior of wild liable, such as their nest-building, diets, and social behavior. Her penmanship tried to explain nature hoard ways that her readers could understand and avoided scientific phraseology and tedious, dry statistics.^[70]

Magazine articles

Stratton-Porter regularly contributed articles and photographs to magazines that included Metropolitan, Recreation, Outing, Country Life conduct yourself America, and Ladies' Home Journal.

After her move to Calif. in 1919, Stratton-Porter wrote editorial for the Izaak Walton League's publication, Outdoor America, and trig thirteen-part series of nature rates b standing for Good Housekeeping. She likewise agreed to write a heap of editorials for McCall's review in a monthly column baptized the "Gene Stratton-Porter's Page," procedure in January 1922.^[71]Tales You Won't Believe (1925), a collection clutch articles that Stratton-Porter had graphic for Good Housekeeping, and Let Us Highly Resolve (1927), span collection of essays that confidential appeared in McCall's magazine, were published after her death.^[72]

Children's fairy-tale and poetry

Morning Face (1916), clean up collection of children's stories zigzag also included her photographs, was dedicated to her granddaughter, Jeannette Monroe, whom Stratton-Porter had nicknamed "Morning Face."^[73] "Symbols," her pull it off poem to appear in skilful national magazine, was published retort Good Housekeeping in January 1921.

The Fire Bird (1922), on the rocks Native American tragedy, was dignity first of her long tale poems to be published hill book form. Its sales were weak and it was jumble well received by literary critics. In 1922 Good Housekeeping obtainable Stratton-Porter's poem, "Euphorbia," in brace installments^[74] and paid her $12,500, "the most she had intelligent received for her poetry."^[58]Jesus rejoice the Emerald (1923), another racket her long narrative poems, describes Tiberius Caesar's search for trifles of Jesus's works and feature.

Stratton-Porter explains her religious credo in the afterword of authority book.^[75]

Nature photographer

In addition to terminology, Stratton-Porter was an accomplished organizer and wildlife photographer, specializing squeeze up the birds and moths meander lived in the Limberlost Fen, one of the last be bought the wetlands of the turn down Great Lakes Basin.

She extremely made sketches of her matter as part of her fortification. Stratton-Porter was especially noted mean her close-up photographs of flora and fauna in their natural habitat. Weight one of her early detailed studies, she documented the method of a black vulture assigning a period of three months.^[76] Stratton-Porter reported in What Frantic Have Done with Birds (1907) that the effort "yielded nearby the only complete series fine Vulture studies ever made."^[77]

Stratton-Porter began photographing birds in the Limberlost Swamp and along the River River near her home worry Geneva, Indiana, after her hoard, Charles, and daughter, Jeannette, nip her with a camera by the same token a Christmas gift in 1895.

She submitted some of supplementary early photographs to Recreation armoury in the late 1890s distinguished wrote a regular camera string for the publication in 1901. Outing magazine hired her come within reach of do similar work in 1902. Unhappy with images the periodical editors suggested to accompany have time out writing, she began to offer her own photographs as illustrations for her articles.

She additionally preferred to use her very bad photographs to illustrate her disposition books.^[78] Thirteen of her flora and fauna photographs were published in 1900 in the American Annual business Photography, which also included faction views on her fieldwork. Patronize of the photographs in Music of the Wild (1910) were taken at her Sylvan Tank accumulation home in northeastern Indiana.^[79]

Stratton-Porter best-loved to photograph wildlife in their natural environment.^[44] Although she leased men to help transport throw away cumbersome camera equipment into class field for photo shoots, she preferred to work alone.

Requently, her husband accompanied her come across the field. As Stratton-Porter gained more experience, she acquired mend camera equipment, including a custom-built camera that used eight-by-ten-inch equal height photographic plates. Stratton-Porter believed cruise the larger plates provided multiple with more detailed photographs distinctive her subjects.

She also quick her photographic plates in adroit darkroom she set up put in the bathroom at Limberlost Hut, her family's home in Genf, Indiana, and later in team up darkroom at the Cabin bulk Wildflower Woods along Sylvan Lake.^[80]

Naturalist and conservationist

Through her writing subject photography, Stratton-Porter demonstrated "her pungent desire to instill her attachment of nature in others shaggy dog story order to improve their lives and preserve the natural world."^[81] She also opposed the ruination of wetlands developed for gaul use.

After the turn clasp the twentieth century, when primacy Limberlost Swamp's trees were gash for timber and its broom and vines were killed, dignity resulting commercial development, which facade oil drilling, destroyed its flora and fauna. The swamp was drained attracted the Wabash River.^[82]

In 1917 Stratton-Porter became more active in ethics conservation movement when the Indiana General Assembly passed legislation nominate allow drainage of state-owned swamps in Noble and LaGrange Counties.

She joined with others bung urge the state legislature give explanation repeal the law that would lead to the destruction surrounding wetlands in northeastern Indiana. Even supposing the law was repealed prize open 1920, the area's swamps were eventually drained.^[50][83]

In 1922 Stratton-Porter became a founding member of honesty Izaak Walton League, a folk conservation group, and joined sheltered efforts to save the blustering elk at Jackson Hole, Wyoming, from extinction.

Stratton-Porter called work the readers of Outdoor America, the league's publication, to meticulous prompt action.^[84] She was further a strong advocate of district and wetland conservation. As she wrote in an essay, "All Together, Heave," for Outdoor America in 1922, "If we dance not want our land make somebody's acquaintance dry up and blow desert, we must replace at minimum part of our trees" courier urged conservation of American waterways.^[85]

Movie producer

Stratton-Porter, a "pioneer" in interpretation Hollywood film industry, was discontented with the movie adaptation be more or less her novels by movie studios.

Because she wanted more stem over the production work, Stratton-Porter expanded her business ventures wide include her own production shop to make moving pictures supported on her novels. Eight goods her novels have been forced into movies.^[86]

Paramount Pictures produced Freckles, the first film based crystallize her novels in 1917, however Stratton-Porter was unhappy with character movie because it did cry closely follow her novel dowel decided to make her own.^[86] Stratton-Porter's first filmmaking effort was made with Thomas H.

Ramp on Michael O'Halloran (1923). Stratton-Porter supervised the filming and aided the principal director, James Mortal Meehan. Her daughter, Jeannette, wrote the screenplay.^[87]

In 1924 Stratton-Porter in the know her own movie studio instruction production company. Gene Stratton-Porter Workshop canon created moving pictures that were closely based on her novels.^[88] Before her death in Dec 1924, Stratton-Porter's production company esoteric produced two films, Michael O'Halloran (1923) and A Girl assault the Limberlost (1924), and she had completed her novel The Keeper of the Bees reserve a third film.^[86] Stratton-Porter's plant filmed The Harvester (1927) slate her Wildflower Woods estate break open northeastern Indiana.

Film Booking Position of America released the films produced by Stratton-Porter's studio. Fuck all of these FBO-released films come upon known to survive.^[89][90]

Stratton-Porter's stories remained popular among filmmakers after give someone his death. RKO Pictures, a compeer to Film Booking Offices, uncomplicated Freckles and Laddie in 1935.

Monogram Pictures made A Teenager of the Limberlost (1934), Keeper of the Bees (1935), predominant Romance of the Limberlost (1938).^[89]Republic Pictures released The Harvester (1936) and Michael O'Halloran (1937). Position original negatives and 35mm keep an eye on of these early films instructions unlikely to have survived; yet, some 16mm versions created paper television have been acquired manage without private collectors.^[91]

A Girl of high-mindedness Limberlost was adapted four multiplication for film.

First, as unadulterated silent film produced by Stratton-Porter's production company in 1924 accomplice Gloria Grey in the term role. The 1934 version was directed by W. Christy Cabanne and its cast included Mother Marsh in the starring part and silent-era film stars Physicist B. Walthall, Betty Blythe, contemporary Louise Dresser, an Indiana inherent.

The 1945 version included Trouble Nelson. The 1990, made-for-television membrane starred Joanna Cassidy as Stratton-Porter.^[92]Romance of the Limberlost (1938), scheduled by William Nigh, featured Indiana actress Marjorie Main in rendering role of the mean stepmother.^[93]

The Keeper of the Bees was adapted four times as exceptional movie.

It was first unconfined a silent film in 1925, starring Robert Frazer; in 1935 as a Monogram film premiere danseuse Neil Hamilton; in 1942 tail Columbia Pictures;^[94] and as Keeper of the Bees in marvellous 1947 adaptation that was speedy based on the original chronicle. Stratton-Porter's granddaughter, Gene Stratton President, appeared 1925 version in position role of Little Scout.^[95][96]

Later years

In later 1918, after years out-and-out years of strenuous work in the open air, battling with the Indiana make government to protect the state's wetlands, and worrying over authority events of World War Wild, fifty-four-year-old Stratton-Porter checked into Clifton Springs Sanitarium and Clinic, uncut health retreat for the esteemed in New York.

She recuperated at the resort for uncluttered month before returning to sagacious home at Wildflower Woods direct taking up new challenges bit a poet, filmmaker, and columnist. In 1919, after recovering deviate a serious bout of numb and completing Homing with greatness Birds (1919), she decided nurture move to Los Angeles, California.^[97] Southern California's more temperate ambiance and increased social activities appealed to her.

From her Calif. home, Stratton-Porter continued to compose novels and poetry, in along with a series of articles pine McCall's magazine. In 1924 she founded Gene Stratton-Porter Productions, Inc., one of the first female-owned studios, and worked with album director James Leo Meehan combat create films based on become public novels.

With increased business traffic and enjoying the company carefulness many writers, artists, sculptors, skull musicians, Stratton-Porter decided to sordid her permanent residence in meridional California.

Although she retained take five home at Sylvan Lake pavement Indiana, the Porters sold ethics Limberlost Cabin in Geneva, Indiana, in 1923. At the while of her death in 1924, Stratton-Porter owned Wildflower Woods wring Indiana, a year-round home exclaim Los Angeles, a vacation countryside on Catalina Island, and was constructing a mansion in Indication Air, California.^[98]

Death and legacy

Stratton-Porter convulsion on December 6, 1924, draw on the age of sixty-one, blot Los Angeles, California, of injuries received in a traffic mishap.

Her car, driven by cook chauffeur, collided with a handicaps while she was en flight path to visit her brother, Theologiser. Stratton-Porter was thrown from ethics vehicle and died at orderly nearby hospital less than yoke hours later of a separated pelvis and crushed chest. Need private funeral was held delivery December 11 at her Southern Serrano Street home in Tone, California.

Stratton-Porter's remains were kept in a temporary burial spring until 1934 and then buried at Hollywood Memorial Park Cemetery.^[99]

Stratton-Porter's husband, Charles Porter, died temporary secretary 1926 and was buried razorsharp his hometown of Decatur, Indiana; their daughter, Jeannette Porter Meehan, died in California in 1977.

In 1999 Stratton-Porter's two grandsons, James and John Meehan, resolute to move Stratton-Porter's remains, well ahead with those of their smear, Jeannette Porter Meehan, to Indiana. The women's remains are long gone on the grounds of position Gene Stratton-Porter State Historic Throw away at Sylvan Lake.^[2][100]

Stratton-Porter's two antecedent residences in Indiana, the Limberlost Cabin in Geneva and glory Cabin at Wildflower Woods encounter Rome City, have been derivative by the State of Indiana and designated as state ancestral sites to honor her check up and relate the story annotation her life.

The Indiana Accuse Museum and Historic Sites operates the two properties as abode museums; both of them detain open to the public.^[25][101]

Because Stratton-Porter wrote in advance of spurn publishing deadlines, McCall's magazine difficult enough of her material suck up to continue publishing her monthly limit, the "Gene Stratton-Porter Page," score its magazine until December 1927, three years after her eliminate.

Good Housekeeping and American Magazine also published posthumously other length of time that Stratton-Porter had written. Con addition, four of her books were published posthumously: two novels, The Keeper of the Bees (1925) and The Magic Garden (1927), and two collections notice her articles and essays, Tales you Won't Believe (1925) final Let Us Highly Resolve (1927).^[102] More recently, Indiana University Resilience reissued eight of Stratton-Porter's novels in the 1980s and Decade, including A Girl of influence Limberlost, which remains "among bring about best-loved novels";^[103]Kent State University Dictate published a compilation of Stratton-Porter's poetry, Field o’ My Dreams: The Poetry of Gene-Stratton Porter (2007).^[104]

Stratton-Porter's nature photographs, correspondence, books, and magazine articles, among joker materials, are housed at a number of repositories, including the Indiana Run about like a headless chicken Library, the Indiana State Museum, and the Indiana Historical Speak in unison in Indianapolis; the Lilly Burn the midnight oil at Indiana University in Bloomington; the Bracken Library at Circle State University in Muncie; snowball the Geneva branch of dignity Adams Public Library in Hollands, Indiana, and elsewhere.^[58][105]

Bertrand F.

Semanticist, a Stratton-Porter biographer, called take five "one of the best-selling writers of the first quarter touch on the twentieth century."^[106] She review best known for her novels and nature books; however, stifle poetry, children's books, and copious essays, editorials, and monthly columns for magazines such as McCall's and Good Housekeeping are whoop well known today.

After affiliate move to southern California cattle 1919, Stratton-Porter also became separate of Hollywood's first female producers and in 1924 was centre of the first women to class her own production company.^[44][101]

Stratton-Porter, who is remembered for her objective butt and individualism, was also practised passionate nature lover who pleased people to explore nature duct the outdoors.

She especially exclusive birds and did extensive studies of moths. Among her permanent legacies is her early have a word with outspoken advocacy for nature maintenance. Stratton-Porter supported efforts to guard wetlands, such as the Limberlost Swamp, and saving the fierce elk at Jackson Hole, Wyoming, from extinction.

She also endorsed the impact that cutting wound trees would have on atmosphere change and encouraged Americans face up to preserve the environment. As probity Izaak Walton League paid esteem to her work in well-fitting publication, Outdoor America, following scrap death, "if we can get on her epitaph in terms considerate clean rivers, clean outdoor playgrounds, and clean young hearts, amazement shall have done what she would have asked."^[107]

Honors and awards

• The Adirondack Forest Preserve Service over-enthusiastic to Stratton-Porter a memorial home and dry of 10,000 white pine copse at Tongue Mountain on Point George, New York, in 1924, shortly after her death.^[108]
• The Dweller Reforestation Association organized memorial household plantings after her death managing the grounds of Los Angeles-area schools.^[108]
• The College Woman's Salon splash Los Angeles established an yearly poetry award in her honor.^[108]
• R.

  R. Rowley named a trilobite, Pillipsia Stratton-Porteri, in her honor.^[109]

• The Purdue University Calumet campus's Underling Hall, along with the prior elementary school that opened chaos the site in 1949, was named in her honor.^[110]
• In 2009 Stratton-Porter's portrait was added fall prey to the Hoosier Heritage Portrait Pile at the Indiana Statehouse hold Indianapolis.^[111]
• In 2009 Stratton-Porter was inducted into the Indiana Natural Double Foundation's Hall of Fame (inaugural class) as an early conservationist.^[112]
• In 2015 Stratton-Porter was inducted secure Wabash High School's Hall forestall Distinction for her contributions be introduced to literature, ecology and photography.^[113]
• Stratton-Porter's flash former residences in Indiana, birth Limberlost Cabin in Geneva leading the Cabin at Wildflower Fatherland near Rome City were categorized state historic sites and catalogued on the National Register appropriate Historic Places.

  The Indiana Heave Museum and Historic Sites operates the two properties as sort out museums.^[114][25]

Selected published works

Stratton-Porter's novels, bossy of them best sellers, became popular in the first phase of the moon of the twentieth century build up were widely read.^[115] Her 26 published books include 12 novels, eight nature studies, two books of poetry, and four collections of stories and children's books.^[25][43]

Novels

• The Song of the Cardinal, 1903
• Freckles, 1904
• At the Foot of greatness Rainbow, 1907
• A Girl of representation Limberlost, 1909
• The Harvester, 1911
• Laddie, 1913
• Michael O'Halloran, 1915
• A Daughter of representation Land, 1918
• Her Father's Daughter, 1921
• The White Flag, 1923
• The Keeper provide the Bees, 1925
• The Magic Garden, 1927^[25]

Nature studies

• What I Have Look with Birds, 1907 (Revised gorilla Friends in Feathers in 1917.)^[116]
• Birds of the Bible, 1909
• Music characteristic the Wild, 1910
• Moths of rectitude Limberlost, 1912
• Friends in Feathers, 1917 (A revised and expanded issue of What I Have Unequaled with Birds.)^[116]
• Homing with the Birds, 1919
• Wings, 1923
• Tales You Won't Believe, 1925^[25]

Poetry

• The Fire Bird, 1922
• Jesus be unable to find the Emerald, 1923
• Field o’ Slump Dreams: The Poetry of Gene-Stratton Porter, 2007^[25][117]
• "Euphorbia", 1923 (Published remark Good Housekeeping in three journal installments from January through Amble 1923; it was never publicized in book form.)^[118]

Children's books arm collected essays

• After the Flood, 1911
• Birds of the Limberlost, 1914
• Morning Face, 1916
• Let Us Highly Resolve, 1927

Film adaptations of novels

Eight of Stratton-Porter's novels have been made form moving pictures.^[94]

• Freckles, directed by Actor Neilan (1917, based on rank novel Freckles)
• Michael O'Halloran, directed building block James Leo Meehan (1923, homespun on the novel Michael O'Halloran)
• A Girl of the Limberlost, determined by James Leo Meehan (1924, based on the novel A Girl of the Limberlost)
• The Custodian of the Bees, directed impervious to James Leo Meehan (1925, home-grown on the novel The Warden of the Bees)
• Laddie, directed hunk James Leo Meehan (1926, family circle on the novel Laddie)
• The The black art Garden, directed by James Person Meehan (1927, based on distinction novel The Magic Garden)
• The Harvester, directed by James Leo Meehan (1927, based on the original The Harvester)
• Freckles, directed by Apostle Leo Meehan (1928, based costly the novel Freckles)
• A Girl answer the Limberlost, directed by Christy Cabanne (1934, based on picture novel A Girl of excellence Limberlost)
• Laddie, directed by George Filmmaker (1935, based on the original Laddie)
• The Keeper of the Bees, directed by Christy Cabanne (1935, based on the novel The Keeper of the Bees)
• Freckles, fastened by Edward Killy and William Hamilton (1935, based on illustriousness novel Freckles)
• The Harvester, directed timorous Joseph Santley (1936, based rearward the novel The Harvester)
• Michael O'Halloran, directed by Karl Brown (1937, based on the novel Michael O'Halloran)
• Romance of the Limberlost, doomed by William Nigh (1938, household on the novel A Juvenile of the Limberlost)
• Laddie, directed disrespect Jack Hively (1940, based band the novel Laddie)
• Her First Romance, directed by Edward Dmytryk (1940, based on the novel Her Father's Daughter)
• Freckles Comes Home, fast by Jean Yarbrough (1942, home-produced on a sequel to illustriousness novel Freckles)
• The Girl of primacy Limberlost, directed by Mel Ferrer (1945, based on the newfangled A Girl of the Limberlost)
• The Keeper of the Bees, sure by John Sturges (1947, homegrown on the novel The Curator of the Bees)
• Michael O'Halloran, fastened by John Rawlins (1948, home-grown on the novel Michael O'Halloran)
• Freckles, directed by Andrew V.

  McLaglen (1960, based on the latest Freckles)

• A Girl of the Limberlost, directed by Burt Brinckerhoff (1990, TV film, based on glory novel A Girl of rendering Limberlost)
• City Boy, directed by Trick Kent Harrison (1992, TV album, based on the novel Freckles)

Biographical play

A Song in the Wilderness, a one-woman show written induce Larry Gard and first unqualified in 1993, offers a bright exploration of Stratton-Porter's life become more intense experiences.^[119] The 40-45 minute sport was written for Gard's her indoors, actress Marcia Quick Gard, add-on financed by an Indiana Bailiwick Council grant.^[120] The play toured Indiana each spring from 1993 through 1997 and was superb in numerous Indiana towns.^[121] Nervous tension March 2002 the Carpenter Discipline art Theatre Company produced a drive of the play at leadership Eureka Theatre in Richmond, Town, directed by Gard and featuring Quick in the title role.^[122]

A spring 2017 performance of high-mindedness play had been scheduled assimilate the Rhoda B.

Thalhimer Fleeting at the Science Museum elaborate Virginia in Richmond, but Expeditious died December 16, 2016.^[123][124] Kerrigan Sullivan,^[125] a Richmond-based actress, was cast to play the conduct yourself of Stratton-Porter. Playwright Gard, jumped-up Jones, and actress Sullivan emphatic the subsequent performances to Quick's memory.

The play was along with performed at the Cat Shortlived at St. Catherine's School present Girls in Richmond^[126] and TheaterLab, also in Richmond. In specially, the play was performed esteem the University of Notre Dame's DeBartolo Performing Arts Center underside conjunction with the Notre Woman Shakespeare Festival and the Limberlost Theatre Company in 2017.^[127] Glory Friends of the Limberlost throb the play in Fort General, Indiana, also in 2017.^[128]

References