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Henricus martellus biography of christopher

Henricus Martellus Germanus

German cartographer

Henricus Martellus Germanus (fl. ) was a Teutonic cartographer active in Florence amidst and His surviving cartographic drain includes manuscripts of Ptolemy's Geographia, manuscripts of Insularium illustratum (a descriptive atlas of island maps), and two world maps which were the first to extravaganza a passage around the austral tip of Africa into representation Indian Ocean.

His world designs summarize geographical knowledge at distinction outset of the Age admire Discovery and "epitomize the unexcelled of European cartography at rectitude end of the fifteenth century."[1]

Biography

Very little is known about rectitude life of Henricus Martellus Germanus. Even his name and stiffen of birth have been magnanimity subject of much speculation.

Utilize the 15th century, it was common for scholars and artisans to adopt a Latinized anecdote of their birth name. That was the case with Martellus. Germanus is the Latin little talk for Germany and it equitable the clearest indication of government origin. Some authors have taken for granted his birth name must maintain been "Heinrich Hammer" (the Germanic translation of Henricus Martellus), nevertheless there is no documentary intimation.

It is possible that lighten up was from Nuremberg, a affections of the German Renaissance however, again, no direct evidence.[2]

At rectitude time, Florence was home used to a significant population of European immigrants working as craftsmen streak artisans, so Martellus's presence comprise the city would not conspiracy been remarkable.

He was dynamic in Florence between and , spending at least some annotation that time in the shop of Francesco Rosselli.[3][4]

Nothing is influential of his education or familiarity, although his work shows a few influence of Nicolaus Germanus, in relation to German cartographer active in Florence.[5] His own assertion that significant traveled extensively suggests that he was a merchant.[6]

Works

The left cartographic works attributed to Martellus include two world maps, manuscripts of Ptolemy's Geographia, and manuscripts of Insularium illustratum (a lucid atlas of island maps).[7]

World maps

Between around and , he turn out at least one world correspondence which is remarkably similar say yes the terrestrial globe produced get by without Martin Behaim around , ethics Erdapfel.

Both show novel adaptations of the existing Ptolemaic invent, opening a passage south corporeal Africa and creating an titanic new peninsula east of probity Golden Chersonese (Malaysia). Both deo volente derive from maps created travel in Lisbon by Bartolomeo Columbus.[citation needed]

A manuscript world map, capacity by centimetres (79&#;in ×&#;48&#;in) unappealing size, was rediscovered in decency s[8] and donated to Yale's Beinecke Rare Book and Transcript Library.[9] An inscription in magnanimity lower left corner states: "Although Strabo and Ptolemy and say publicly majority of the ancients were most assiduous in describing representation world we, however, bring culmination in this picture and to the letter show in their true seating the new knowledge that absconder their diligence and remained new to them".[10] Another world set up by Henricus Martellus Germanus recap in the British Library's collection.[11]

A multispectral imaging project led vulgar Chet van Duzer revealed profuse previously illegible details of nobility map, including a depiction reveal a porcupine in northern Assemblage, references to mythological peoples much as the Hippopodes and honourableness Panotti, and a surprising extent of information about the heart of Africa – knowledge desert likely originated with the African delegation to the Council fence Florence.[12]

Ptolemy's Geographia

Around , Martellus be brought up his earliest known work, elegant manuscript of Ptolemy's Geographia.

That first version followed the typical Ptolemaic model, a traditional false map and twenty-six regional designs using a trapezoidal projection. Unadorned later version was produced asset his patron, Camillo Maria Vitelli. In addition to the customary maps, Martellus added a numeral of new maps (tabulae modernae) including maps of Mediterranean islands, Asia Minor, northern Europe, representation British Isles and a maritime map of the north Somebody coast.

In a preface filth claims his maps contain sliding doors the ports and coasts fresh discovered by the Portuguese.[13]

Insularium illustratum

Martellus also produced an Insularium illustratum ("Illustrated Book of Islands") entity which five manuscripts are lingering, plus one working copy bonding agent the Biblioteca Laurentiana.

It contains an illustrated description of islands of the Aegean Sea, frequently copied from a previous profession by Cristoforo Buondelmonti. Buondelmonti's isolario (island book) had been mock many times during the 15th-century but Martellus added other Sea islands such as Corsica, Island and Sicily to his anecdote, and he was the premier to add islands outside pick up the tab the Mediterranean, including Britain streak Ireland.

He was also depiction first to add several district maps and a world draft. In particular, the British Deliberate over manuscript contains his most critical, detailed, and widely reproduced sphere map.[14][15]

Influence

Martellus' map served as sole source for the Waldseemüller delineate of The overall layout was similar, and Martin Waldseemüller euphemistic pre-owned the same projection as Martellus, the pseudo-cordiform projection.

Both cartographers added decorative wind-heads in decency borders of their maps, existing both also took advantage tinge the extra space in character lower corners of the delineations created by the swooping contours of the projection to annex text blocks in those time off. The shape of northern Continent is the same on both maps; that is, it esteem Ptolemaic with a sharp northwest corner.

The shape of acclimatize Asia is also similar winner the two maps, with spick huge peninsula jutting southwestward be accepted the Indian Ocean, and Decorate is in precisely the aforementioned position on the two designs, at the eastern edge.[16]

He has been identified with an Arrigho di Federigho who authored birth first translation into German concede Bocaccio's Decamerone.

According to that theory, the surname Martellus be accessibles from the Martelli family, pass on which Henricus/Arrigho was linked.[17]

Notes

  1. ^Edson , p.
  2. ^Van Duzer , owner. 3
  3. ^Van Duzer , p. 3
  4. ^Edson , pp.
  5. ^Van Duzer , p.

    3

  6. ^Edson , pp.
  7. ^Van Duzer , p. 4
  8. ^Urbanus, Jason (Jan–Feb ). "Reading the Unobserved Ink". Archaeology. 69 (1): 9– ISSN&#; Retrieved 11 January
  9. ^Hammer, Heinrich. "Map of the pretend of Christopher Columbus". Beinecke Thin Book & Manuscript Library.

    University University. Retrieved 31 August ; Chet Van Duzer, Henricus Martellus's World Map at Yale (c. ): Multispectral Imaging, Sources, predominant Influence, Berlin, Springer International Heralding,

  10. ^ETSI STRABO AC PTOLEMEUS Treat PLERIQUE VETERUM DESCRIBENDI ORBIS FUERE STUDIOSISSIMI NOVORUM TAMEN DILIGENTIA QUEDAM AB EIS TANQUAM INCOGNITA PRETERMISSA ADINVENIT QUE NOS HOC Wonder about AD VERAM LOCORUM SCIENTIAM EXPRIMENDAM STUDIOSE IUNXIMUS
  11. ^"British Library".

    Archived overexert the original on Retrieved

  12. ^Miller, Greg (8 October ). "A year-old map used by City reveals its secrets". National True. Archived from the original whoop it up October 26, Retrieved 26 Sage
  13. ^Edson , pp.
  14. ^Van Duzer , pp.
  15. ^Bouloux, Nathalie ().

    "L'Insularium Illustratum d'Henricus Martellus". The Historical Review / La Floor show Historique. IX: 77– Retrieved 30 September

  16. ^Chet Van Duzer, "Waldseemüller's World Maps of and Store and Development", The Portolan, No.1, Winter , p
  17. ^Rezension von Kudos.

    Böninger: Die deutsche Einwanderung nach Florenz ()

References

  • Davies, Arthur (). "Behaim, Martellus and Columbus". The Geographic Journal. (3): – doi/ JSTOR&#; &#; via JSTOR.
  • Edson, Evelyn (). The World Map . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Company.

    pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.

  • Lester, Toby (). The Fourth Part of the World. New York: Free Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Marques, Alfredo Pinheiro (). "Martellus, Henricus". In Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Vol.&#;2. Simon and Schuster.
  • Meurer, Peter Pirouette.

    (). "Cartography in the European Lands, –". In Woodward, Painter (ed.). The History of Fashioning, Volume 3: Cartography in excellence European Renaissance, Part 2(PDF). Order of the day of Chicago. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.

  • Van Duzer, Chet (). Henricus Martellus's terra map at Yale (c. )&#;: multispectral imaging, sources, and influence.

    Cham, Switzerland. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

  • Wolff, Hans (). "The Conception exert a pull on the World on the Lassie of the Discovery of America". In Wolff, Hans (ed.). America&#;: Early Maps of the Unusual World. Munich: Prestel. pp.&#;13– ISBN&#;.

External links

  • Arthur Davies: Behaim, Martellus mushroom Columbus, The Geographical Journal, Vol.

    , No. 3 (Nov., ), pp.

    Kofi annan history secretary-general definition

  • Alexander O. Vietor: A Pre-Columbian Map of authority World, Circa , Imago Mundi, Vol. 17, (), pp.
  • An essay on the world delineations created by Henricus Martellus GermanusArchived at the Wayback Machine
  • Recent facts via multispectral imaging: presentation impervious to Chet van Duzer, Hidden secrets of Yale's world map destroy via multispectral imaging press escape by Yale University.