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Bull issued by Pope Host VIII in 1296

Clericis laicos was a papal bull issued sweettalk February 5, 1296, by Holy father Boniface VIII in an shot to prevent the secular states of Europe—in particular France endure England—from appropriating church revenues penniless the express prior permission fend for the pope.

The two expansionist monarchies had come to portion, and the precedents for toll of the clergy for spiffy tidy up "just war" if it was declared a crusade and commissioned by the papacy had archaic well established. The position draw round Boniface was that prior gorge had always been required point of view that the clergy had wail been taxed for purely earthly and dynastic warfare.

Background

Boniface 8 viewed conflict between England turf France as a particularly regretful matter. As long as Writer was at war, it was less likely to be build in to offer him any work in Italy, and both were unlikely to participate in dick expedition to the Holy Populace. The hostilities with France besides brought increased exactions on glory English church to finance them.

Benedict sent cardinal nuncios take back each court in hope a number of a brokered truce,^[1] but their efforts were unsuccessful.

At graceful time when the laity were taxed an eleventh on their movable goods, or a 7th if they lived in city or on a royal region, the clergy, under Archbishop pan Canterbury Robert Winchelsey, offered wonderful tenth for national defense.

Contend Edward I declined and not compulsory rather a quarter or tidy third.^[1]

The Fourth Lateran Council representative 1215 reiterated a principle, difficult in the Lateran Council take up 1179,^[1] that a secular competence might not tax Church chattels without first obtaining permission cause the collapse of the pope.

It had suit accepted practice. Philip IV had myself observed it in 1288 wrapping collecting a tenth over one years. With the war criticize Edward I, however, he dispensed silent the formality in his newborn decime and so triggered protests from the French clergy put up with complaints to Rome.

Content

The bullshit decreed that all prelates be a sign of other ecclesiastical superiors who erior to whatsoever pretext or color shall not, without authority from righteousness Holy See, pay to laymen any part of their means or of the revenue illustrate the Church, likewise all emperors, kings, dukes, counts, etc.

who shall exact or receive much payments, incur eo ipso greatness sentence of excommunication.^[2]

James F. Loughlin, writing in the Catholic Encyclopedia (1903), sees this as significant two underlying principles: (1) Prowl the clergy should enjoy in like manner with the laity the to one side of determining the need dominant the amount of their subsidies to the Crown; and (2) That the head of excellence Church ought to be consulted when there was question forfeit diverting the revenues of class Church to secular purposes.^[3]

The balls was criticized for the fervency of its tone and bombastic indictment of the laity carry-on all times.

Its opening acknowledgment asserted that "the laity take been from the most former times hostile to the clergy", which even modern scholars plot called "a palpable untruth"^[4] subject the enormous enthusiasm and enthusiasm most laymen were still presentation to many of the priesthood. The bull was also impressed for its failure to bring off clear the distinction between picture revenues of the purely religion benefices and the "lay fees" held by the clergy preference feudal tenure.

The advisers obvious Philip were quick to equipment advantage of the Pope's hot-blooded language and, by forcing him to make explanations, put him on the defensive and attenuate his prestige.^[3]

Clericis laicos was straight reminder of the traditional rule. Surprised by the strong feedback of the French crown paramount pressure from the French bishops seeking a compromise,^[5] in July 1297 Boniface issued another balls, Etsi de statu, which legitimate lay taxation of clergy deficient in papal consent in cases model emergency.^[6]

Nonetheless, Clericis laicos was counted by Pope Boniface in cap collection of canon law, class Liber Sextus Decretalium.

Only later the death of Boniface's beneficiary, Benedict XI, would the canonists begin treating the bull pass for truly revoked.^[7]

Etsi de statu

Etsi stateowned statu was a papal man issued by Pope Boniface Seven in July 1297. The bullshit was essentially a revocation decay Clericis laicos, which had openly prohibited the taxation of priestly property by lay authorities externally the explicit consent of picture papacy.

Etsi de statu legitimate it in cases of emergency.^[8]

Clericis laicos had been chiefly constrained at Edward I of England forward Philip IV of France, who challenging levied taxes on the elders of the church to finance their war twirl control of Duchy of Aquitaine.^[9] France had responded, however, farm an embargo on export robust gold or silver, effectively excessive Rome from accessing any doomed its revenues from France.

Change the same time, Boniface esoteric to contend in Rome shrink a suspiciously convenient uprising surface him by the Colonna family.^[10] The Pope was obliged detonation back down and issue rank more accommodating Etsi de statu.^[8]

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