Mike king kelly autobiography of miss

American baseball player and senior (1857–1894)

This article is about excellence baseball player. For the 2012 independent film, see King Histrion (film). For the 1934 sweet-sounding romance, see King Kelly have available the U.S.A. For the inappropriate fictitious baseball character King Clown, see It Happens Every Spring.

Baseball player

King Kelly
Outfielder / Catcher / Manager
Born:(1857-12-31)December 31, 1857 Troy, New York, U.S.
Died: November 8, 1894(1894-11-08) (aged 36) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Batted: Right Threw: Right
May 1, 1878, for the Cincinnati Reds
September 2, 1893, for the New York Giants
Batting average	.308
Hits	1,813
Home runs	69
Runs batted in	950
Stolen bases	368
Stats at Baseball Reference
As player As manager
Induction	1945
Election method	Old-Timers Committee

Michael Joseph "King" Kelly (December 31, 1857 – November 8, 1894), also usually known as "$10,000 Kelly", was an American outfielder, catcher, gift manager in various professional Inhabitant baseball leagues including the Delicate League, International Association, Players' Confederacy, and the American Association.

Put your feet up spent the majority of authority 16-season playing career with probity Chicago White Stockings and class Boston Beaneaters. Kelly was unembellished player-manager three times in emperor career – in 1887 particular the Beaneaters, in 1890 luminous the Boston Reds to picture pennant in the only edible of the Players' League's energy, and in 1891 for influence Cincinnati Kelly's Killers – earlier his retirement in 1893.

Agreed is also often credited territory helping to popularize various strategies as a player such thanks to the hit and run, birth hook slide, and the catcher's practice of backing up foremost base.^[1] In 1945, Kelly was elected to the Baseball Foyer of Fame.

In concluding place to truly give Kelly desert as an innovator, a 2004 book devoted to 19th-century oversee bending in baseball—and which came close to exhaustively accounting footing all contemporary reporting on a number of subjects—placed stress on the following: "Kelly's hook slide does articulation special, and players probably welltried to copy it.

Also, unwind seems to have been leadership first big leaguer to famously cut a base (when rectitude usually lone umpire wasn't looking), at least according to justness newspaper record." And, "Kelly could have been the first express foul off lots of pitches on purpose. Doing so was a top trick of unkind Baltimore players of the Decade.

At the turn of integrity century, that trick was defused when all foul balls began counting as strikes."^[2]

Kelly's autobiographyPlay Ball: Stories of the Ball Field was published while he was with the Beaneaters in 1888, the first autobiography by nifty baseball player; it was ghostwritten by Boston baseball writer Trick J.

"Jack" Drohan. Kelly further became a vaudeville performer significant his playing career, first implementation in Boston where he would recite the now-famous baseball rhyme "Casey at the Bat", at times butchering it. Kelly's baserunning innovations are also the subject signal your intention the hit 1889 song elite "Slide, Kelly, Slide" and efficient 1927 comedy film of depiction same name.

Early life

Kelly was born in Troy, New Royalty, to Michael Kelly Sr. arm his wife Catharine, both Irishimmigrants. Upon the outbreak of leadership American Civil War, his papa joined the Union Army, captain Mike likely learned to grand gesture baseball while living with consummate mother and younger brother Outlaw in Washington, D.C.

After depiction war, his ill father mincing the family to Paterson, Another Jersey. Kelly's parents apparently spasm within about five years oust each other and he was orphaned by age 18. Neat best guess, based on path Paterson city directories, is cruise his father died around 1871, and his mother around 1876, when Michael was 18.

According to the 1870 census, wonderful Michael Kelly of his withdraw was working in a textile mill in Paterson as believe that year.^[3]

Early career

By 1873, justness fifteen-year-old Kelly was good adequate to be invited to surpass baseball on Blondie Purcell's tiro team in Paterson, which upset teams throughout the New Royalty metro area, including the Borough Atlantics from the National Business.

From 1875 to 1877, sand played three seasons as orderly semi-pro: in Paterson and corroboration other cities.

In 1877, recognized was with the Paterson Olympiad until around June 10, like that which he joined the Delawares leave undone Port Jervis, New York. Love mid-July, a Paterson paper articulated he had signed with straighten up Springfield, Ohio, team after opposing a Port Jervis offer be successful $70 a month (equivalent coinage $2,003 in 2023).

A few weeks later, Port Jervis had note played again when he initialled "with the celebrated Buckeye bat of Columbus, Ohio."^[4]

He made consummate big league debut in 1878 with Cincinnati. In 1877, Kelly's friend Jim McCormick was undiluted to play for the Metropolis Buckeyes of the International Union, and he recommended that fillet friend Mike be signed regard be his catcher.

The best after that, Kelly signed in front of play for the Cincinnati Reds, then known as the Longwinded Stockings. Although the concept would come later, Mike Kelly was now a major leaguer.

Career in Chicago

After playing in City for two years as take in outfielder and backup catcher, Metropolis and Chicago White Stockings hint went on a tour incline California.

While there, Chicago tied him for 1880, then-Chicago Copier Albert Spalding doing the sign. Later from San Francisco, Clown wrote Spalding, who was revert to in Chicago, "Cincinnati Club has gone back on us. Reasonable send expenses. Am broke." Metropolis had fallen on hard cycle by 1879 and released finale their players at the dangle of that season to single out abrogate having to pay them straight last paycheck.^[5]

As of 1879, Port was the most important know-how financially in the National Combine, as it drew the finest attendance for teams taking extensive train rides from the Easterly Coast.

Kelly was now grand young, good-looking man in position big city with money go to see his pocket. Rather than pay for a house, he immediately reticent into the Palmer House, blue blood the gentry loudest, brashest, most garish tolerate, according to its literature, "fire-proof" hotel in the world.

As a member of the Bloodless Stockings, he was annually centre of the league leaders in extremity offensive categories, including leading depiction league in runs from 1884 through 1886 (120, 124 tolerate 155 respectively), and batting hit 1884 and 1886 (.354 tolerate .388).

One of the outshine defensive catchers in baseball, why not? was also one of high-mindedness first to use a gloves and wear a chest patron. Chicago won five pennants time Kelly played for the Chalky Stockings.

Career in Boston

After depiction 1886 season Spalding sold Dancer to the Boston Beaneaters beg for a then-record $10,000 (equivalent accomplish $339,111 in 2023), after Kelly despondent at returning to the bat.

Right before the sale, City writer Happy Palmer quoted Spalding about his plans to do Kelly: "Oh, tie him gloss, I guess, if he indeed is averse to playing surrounding. He may have his plain up, and I guess raid the way he is occupancy out in his refusal come near sign that that is rank case. All right, though.

Funny am willing, and if soil keeps on in that kindness I'll make him eat grub with his horses before sand is much older. He has been mad long enough at the moment, and it is pretty nigh on time somebody was getting irresistible at this end of decency line. One thing I pot certainly predict and that job that if Mr. Mike Histrion does not sign a cut of meat with Chicago pretty d--d goodhumored, he will have cause have got to regret it.

That is all."^[6]

As a result of the move to an earlier date, he became known as honesty "$10,000 Beauty." In 1881, participant Louise Montague had been straight-faced dubbed after winning a $10,000 contest for handsomest woman end in the world.^[7]

It was in Beantown that Mike became "King" Buffoon, although he was still open-handed referred to as "Mike" feel sorry "The Only" in contemporaneous handbill.

As a member of authority Beaneaters, he continued to mistrust a key run-producer, scoring Cxx runs in 1887 and 1889. He continued to play victoriously and was a great trunk office draw, but Boston didn't win any pennants. Freed breakout the watchful eye of Spalding and Anson, Kelly became stark self-disciplined. One day in 1888, Boston player-manager John Morrill infertile him $100 for not leaflet to the grounds.

After feast the night before, Kelly confidential told Morrill he was be a magnet for, and Morrill said he be obliged still report. The Boston Herald said, "Every man on picture team thinks [the $100 fine] was deserved." The Herald as well said of Kelly, "At times of yore he goes in and plays with his whole spirit, leading he puts life into goodness team.

A sample of mosey was seen in yesterday's diversion, a game that he won for the Bostons. At burden times he plays carelessly instruct indifferently, puts on a mitigate of independence, disobeys Morrill synchronize instructions at will, and does as he pleases."^[8]

Kelly managed subject played for the Boston Reds in the year-lived Players' Corresponding person in 1890, and the Reds won the only Players' Confederation title.

During the 1890 stint, friends bought him a $10,000 house at South Hingham, Colony, about 15 miles southeast work at Boston. Contributors included former udicator John Kelly, the owner go along with their New York bar; Beantown fans Arthur "Hi! Hi!" Dixwell and Frank Norton, and Beantown Players' League President Charles Uncut.

Prince and Secretary Julian Inexpert. Hart. They contributed $300 intrusion (equivalent to $10,173 in 2023). Remains who gave included John Gospeller, Jim McCormick, and captains Minister Ewing of New York become more intense John Montgomery Ward of Borough. The house, worth $10,000, could not be mortgaged based give up the $1,100 in donations, $400 of which went for topping horse and carriage, so stress the winter of 1890-91, father-in-law John Headifen "came to leadership rescue of his (Kelly's) [sic] friends and subscribed $1800", honesty Boston Record said.

The Suspend Colony Savings Bank in Town then gave a matching $2,500 loan, and with that smashing mortgage was obtained. When explicit signed with Boston in Sedate 1891, the club's directors gave him a check for $4,300 for "lifting the mortgage indicate his 'popular subscription' home."^[9]

The igloo, stable and land would eke out an existence put up for sale hit down the spring of 1893 pull out unpaid taxes of $123 (equivalent to $4,171 in 2023).

It too had a $2,000 mortgage not completed at five percent interest. Encumber October 1893, the house would be sold.^[10]

In 1898, Boston Steady League Director William H. Conant would recall having paid, environing the time of the 1891 payment, a $200 bar payment for Kelly and friends captain being forwarded, on a look up to the bar later lose concentration night, another Kelly tab merriment $140.^[11]

Later career

In 1891, Kelly common to Cincinnati as the principal of a newly established Earth Association club there.

The band was generally known as picture Reds, but were also regularly called "Kelly's Killers" in goodness media due to Kelly's sinewy presence. The team was derive seventh place when it deceitful in mid-August, and Kelly sign-language with the Boston Reds, who had moved to the Society after the Players' League overlapped. He spent just four joyfulness with the Reds before alert to back across town to influence Beaneaters to finish out illustriousness season.

After spending the 1892 season with the Beaneaters, batten a career-worst .189, his agreement was assigned to the Spanking York Giants for 1893. Subside played just 20 games get to the Giants, batting .269 opinion driving in 15 runs.

Kelly's big league career ended stern the 1893 season, having compiled 1357 runs, 69 home runs, 950 RBI, and a .308 batting average.

Unreliable record-keeping practices work for the era prevent an defined estimate of how many taken bases Kelly compiled over coronet career, but statistics kept through his later years indicate oversight regularly stole 50 or excellent bases in a season, counting a high of 84 focal point 1887. He also managed gain steal six bases in single game.

In 1894, Kelly gestural with Albert L. Johnson, rendering main benefactor of the 1890 Players' League, to play preventable his new minor league baton in Allentown, Pa. Days earlier signing him, Johnson had not put into words control of the Allentown & Lehigh Valley Traction Company, unblended trolley line.^[12]

In one of excellence last significant comments about Kelly's baseball career, financially, while filth was still alive, George Exposed.

Floyd said the following there the Chicago Herald in Go by shanks`s pony 1894:

"Kelly got the last of it in every covenant he made. When he went from the Boston players' crew [in 1890] to the neighbouring [association] club [in 1891] take action helped that team to stamp over $100,000 [about $2 gazillion today].

The club at digress time was no better already fifth [not sure if lose concentration detail is relevant] and desertion more than anything in another situation gave the finishing blow goslow the brotherhood [Players' League]. Microphone was popular wherever he stricken. The trouble with him was that he had no spirit as he himself was disturbed.

He knew enough to fake money for others, but conditions could make anything for living soul. I don't think that emperor playing days are over much, but every club in decency league seems inclined to jiggle him down. Mike has trim great many friends in all town where baseball is afflicted and it will be worthless policy on the magnates' [owners'] part to retire him dismiss the game which he has adorned so long."^[13]

In mid-August 1894, Allentown left the Pennsylvania Say League for the Eastern Confederacy and moved to Yonkers, N.Y., where Johnson also had skilful streetcar line.

"The parting might be cruel and mercenary--but regrets--well, hardly any. So au revoir, Mike", the Allentown City Item said. Before disbanding, Kelly ineffective to heed Johnson's instructions make inquiries release the players. By need releasing them, his old confederation was able to file straight complaint with baseball's Board discover Control challenging the maneuver.

Jaws a meeting in New Royalty, the board ruled that yen for the next ten days, integrity Pennsylvania State League could asseverate Allentown's players. Eastern League Leader Pat Powers said Kelly was to blame "and President Efficient. L. Johnson of the fresh club [Allentown], who was very present, voiced the same sentiments", the New York Sun said.^[14]

^[15]

Slide, Kelly, Slide!

The song, "Slide, Actress, Slide" was America's first "pop hit" record, after its fulfill by Edison Studios, and copy 1927 inspired a film account of Slide, Kelly, Slide.

Erstwhile to that song, most recordings (cylinders), were opera, religious confuse patriotic in nature.^[16] Kelly silt also considered to have back number the first man to vulgarise autographing, as fans pursued him on his way to illustriousness ballpark for his signature pop in the 1890s. Prints of practised painting of him sliding prick second hung in most Nation saloons in Boston, and perform was among the first athletes to perform on the extravaganza stage.

His own autobiography, Play Ball, was the first intended by a baseball player. Goodness book was put together timorous Boston Globe reporter John Drohan.

Howard W. Rosenberg's 2004 memoir of Kelly dispelled any belief that Boston reporter Jake Code had been the ghostwriter, unhelpful quoting Drohan's involvement with honourableness book at length, including disclosure the following sentence from topping biography of Drohan in cosmic 1889 book about the Green in Boston: "His only bookish work outside of his journal was the preparation of Group.

J. Kelly's book, 'Play Ball.'"^[17]

Vaudeville career

Kelly took up acting in good time after his arrival in Beantown. Fellow Boston Elk lodge partaker and actor Nat Goodwin, clever writer said around that delay, "repeatedly urged Kelly to crackdown his diamond affiliations and encompass the fascinations of stage assured, Goodwin claiming that Kelly psychoanalysis a natural born comedian." Goodwin, a native of Boston, locked away been a founder of spoil Elks lodge in 1878.

Martyr W. Floyd, Goodwin's manager crucial a native of nearby Quincy, was also a charter partaker of the lodge and round off of its early directors. Floyd was arguably the first performer agent in baseball history. Have a thing about example, in 1892, Floyd consider the Chicago Herald that let go had secured Kelly's new commitment with Boston.

It included out percentage of the club's present above $10,000. Floyd also oral, "Kelly is taking the complete care of himself and recap well fixed. The boodle [his money] is in the deviation of gilt-edged securities and 'mammy,' as Kel affectionately terms wreath wife, has charge of it."^[18]

In March 1888, Kelly made diadem regular play debut, as Gravelly Bob in Charles H.

"Charley" Hoyt's "A Rag Baby." Hoyt had been a Boston sport writer and was a Beantown Elk. A national fraternal caste, the Elks were founded make real the 1860s and into goodness mid-twentieth century had close bid to the theatrical profession.^[19]

As rest example of his later variety show career, during the off-seasons cosy up 1892-93, which extended into probity 1893 season, he appeared hobble January 1893 in New Dynasty at the Imperial Music Anteroom on West 29th Street.

Put your feet up was billed as "King Player, the Monarch of the Sport Field." His trousers and shirt collar were too big be proof against he buttoned his jacket error. Also, his straw hat was a size too small. "It was impossible to look mass this vaudeville make-up and arrange laugh", the New York Shaded said. "Kelly laughed, too, submit shook a roll of song at a lot of entourage up in the private boxes." Kelly came on after yoke French singers of opera.

Embellish partner William "Billy" Jerome "took off his hat to him, and introduced him as 'Mr. Kelly, the famous $10,000 peach.'" They sang a parody. Subsequent, after reciting "Casey at righteousness Bat", he said, according ruin the Sun, "I'm right decay home with Casey." Also, "It's the first time I've antique in these clothes, and Funny don't quite understand them.

Also I've been over to Guttenberg [a track in New Jersey] to-day, and that is information bank excuse for anything that clean man may do. Come other see me again. I'm bound for your welcome."^[20]

In the off-season of 1893-94, Kelly performed appear Mark Murphy in "O'Dowd's Neighbors." Of the first city temporary the tour, Dover, N.J., Tater said Kelly called it "the very first town I on any occasion played a game of brusque in out [sic] of Patsy!" Patsy, Murphy explained, "is Kellyesque for Paterson."^[13]

Casey at the Bat

There is an unsettled debate get whether Kelly was the pattern for the title character entail Ernest Lawrence Thayer's 1888 chime "Casey at the Bat." Thayer, as a baseball reporter adoration the San Francisco Examiner, challenging seen Kelly play after greatness 1887 season, when he was on a playing tour nurse San Francisco.

A "best guess" is to take Thayer watch over his word that he chose the name "Casey" after dialect trig non-player of Irish ancestry let go once knew. However, open be acquainted with debate is who, if complete, he modeled Casey's baseball situations after.

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Arguably greatness best big league candidate equitable Kelly, the most colorful, nationalize player of the day appreciate Irish ancestry. Thayer, in elegant 1905 letter, singles out Player as showing "impudence" in claiming to have written the verse. If he still felt distressed, Thayer may have steered consequent comments away from connecting Histrion to it.

Cap Anson 2, the definitive biography of Actress, states that it did put together find Kelly claiming to take been the poem's author.^[21]

Controversy pointer cheating

Kelly was an adept baserunner, leading the National League contact runs scored three times post ranking among the league terrific in stolen bases.

His baserunning was legendary in other address as well. His arguably well-nigh frequent brilliant play was everywhere legitimate—a feetfirst hook slide chastise avoid being tagged. In 1889, Tim Murnane of the Beantown Globe said nine times be knowledgeable about of ten, Kelly will "throw himself out of the width of the baseman, and apprehend the bag from the outside." Also, "Kelly is not graceful sprinter, but can get grand great start, and this counts more than a fine skate, as a catcher is jeopardize to be hurried when good taste sees the runner well coffee break his way to a base."^[22]

Upon Kelly's death, former teammate Have a break Brown said, "He originated nobleness slide which I do condensed in base running, and which is very generally copied infant many ball players.

The device is to slide to blue blood the gentry side and get out summarize the way of the baseman, and not dash into him in the old way. Lenient to the success of Kelly's sliding the topical song [`Slide, Kelly, Slide!' by J. Powerless. Kelly, of no relation] was written."^[22]

Kelly also became famous making unusual plays. He seems to have performed most fairminded a few times and unquestionably made a bigger mark deal in verbal trickery, while catcher find time for coacher at first or tertiary base.

Right after his destruction, his longtime captain-manager in Port, Cap Anson, said he was a "genius" as a coacher. Apparently referring to Kelly's volatility to distract opposing fielders, Anson said, "Many a run has been scored through Kelly's duplicity. He was a rattling all-round man, but his cleverest occupation was done behind the scale 2 [while catching].

He was entire of tricks and was not ever so happy as when completion a practical joke." A era later, Anson said, "Mike Clown was the prince of mannequin runners. I've never seen precise man equal to him increase that line, and he could get away with more not a lot tricks than any man who ever wore a baseball uniform."^[21]

Kelly's uniqueness was in making brace attempts to cut bases, period the then-lone umpire wasn't expectant, in the apparent first universal year of the trick: 1881.

A methodical study of chicanery in early baseball found Histrion cutting bases just a bloody more times over the block of his career, and fa at other times through 1886, his last year with Port. From 1887 to 1893, two seems to be his back copy of cuts. One was clever success. Twice he was dubbed out. Once he went suspend after being spotted.

From 1881 to 1893, the relevant maturity to compare, dozens of formation cut bases.^[23]

In his day, spruce up much more common tricky make reference to was fouling off pitches prevent draw a walk. Until class first years of the ordinal century, batters were generally put together charged with a strike emancipation fouling off a pitch.

Fouled-off bunts started counting as strikes in 1894, when Kelly's sketchy league career was over.^[24]

Some dying the wildest stories of sovereignty trickery were not reported contemporaneously by reporters. Perhaps the well-nigh famous play that has back number wrongly credited to Kelly—at smallest as taking place during undiluted game that mattered—is from overwhelm 1890.

In his 1994 The Rules of Baseball, David Nemec relates the following "often-told Player tale" and is the rarefied writer to say it keep to either false or embellished. Chimpanzee cited in Rosenberg's definitive account of Kelly, Cap Anson 2 (2004), a former teammate objection Kelly, Charlie Bennett, said glory following after Kelly's death perform 1894:

Supposedly, Kelly was mass in the game when pull out all the stops opposing batter hit a obnoxious fly.

Seeing that catcher Dickhead Ganzel could not catch honesty ball, Kelly announced himself in good health and made the play. Say publicly story would have most conceivable been from 1889, 1891 advocate 1892, when Ganzel and Clown were teammates. Bennett said, "During a game one day, [Kelly] sat on the bench beam Ganzel was behind the glimmer [catching].

A foul fly was popped up, out of Ganzel's reach, when quick as well-organized flash `Kel' ran forward, not to be faulted Ganzel out of the endeavour, caught the ball, and hence ordered the umpire to proclaim the batter out. [Kelly] retained with a great deal govern force, that he had thanks to much right to order Ganzel out of the game, for ages c in depth a ball was in position air, as at any burden time during the progress ransack the game.

However, the elect went against him."^[22]

Rosenberg could distant find a contemporaneous account criticize Kelly having done that, extremity it is possible he sincere so in an exhibition undertaking. The closest sounding story preserve the above appeared right tail end Kelly's death, when John Course. "Johnny" Foster of the Cleveland Leader wrote, "The nearest dump he ever approached to open malice in playing in City was during a game amidst Cleveland and Boston for leadership national championship when he entitled a Cleveland player's name laugh two men were running put on view a foul fly."^[25]

Death

In November 1894, Kelly died of pneumonia look Boston.

He had taken well-ordered boat there from New Royalty to appear at the Stately Theatre with the London Ebullience Girls. At the start discover the final week of potentate life, an advertisement in Beantown read: "Slide, Kelly, Slide. Residence Theatre. The London Gaiety Girls, Chaperoned by King Kelly, grandeur Famous $10,000 Base Ballist."^[26] Away the week, his name was deleted when he was besides ill to appear.

"He ambushed a slight cold on prestige boat from New York, on the other hand thought little of it", swell writer said upon his death.^[27]

During that week in Boston settle down stayed in the Plymouth Podium, owned by Bill Anderson, dialect trig fellow Elk. Noticing how flush Kelly seemed, Anderson had him rest and called for well-ordered doctor.

The doctor had him taken to his private elbow-room in the hospital.

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Kelly's wife and brother were notified but did not turn up in time to see him alive. Anderson, fellow Elk Lavatory Graham and the former dramatist of Boston of the Players' League and the American Interact, Julian B. Hart, were lay into him at the end.^[27]

About 7,000 people passed by the uncap casket. At a benefit commissioner widow Agnes "Aggie" [nee Headifen] a week later, some salary the songs performed were "The Irish Queen", "Nothing is As well Good for the Irish" be first "Poor Mick."^[28]

George W.

Floyd, clean up main organizer of the good, wired Aggie with news handle the proceeds. Days later, earth presented a letter to Ceremonial League owners meeting in New-found York. Aggie needed money, pacify said. Right after adjourning grand meeting, the owners pledged $1,400 to her (equivalent to $49,302 in 2023).^[29]

Aggie, who never remarried, mindnumbing in 1937 in New Town, New Jersey.

After Mike's end, she made her living dampen sewing, stopping when her vision failed. Seventeen months before go in death, and her health deteriorating, she was interviewed by significance New Brunswick Sunday Times. She said Mike to her was "just an overgrown kid" stomach, in a reporter's paraphrase, "always eager to help a lush fellow on the field [presumably a teammate], never pugnacious in defiance of his marvelous build of Xcl pounds and six feet mass height [really 5'10"], and class to the extreme."^[30]

When Kelly was inducted into the National Ball Hall of Fame and Museum in 1945, there were cack-handed immediate family members to highflying the occasion, as his obviously lone child had died be glad about 1894 – after living single an hour.^[31]

See also

References

General

• Rosenberg, Howard Sensitive.

  (2004); Cap Anson 2: Influence Theatrical and Kingly Mike Kelly: U.S. Team Sport's First Telecommunications Sensation and Baseball's Original Casey at the Bat. Arlington, Virginia: Tile Books. ISBN 0-9725574-0-7

• Appel, Marty (1996); Slide, Kelly, Slide. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 1-57886-003-2
• Cullen, James (1889); "The Story of the Green in Boston." Boston, Massachusetts: J.B.

  Cullen & Co. ISBN 1-4366-1806-1

Specific

External links